Efeito do cilostazol na produção in vitro de ovinos / Effect of cilostazol on in vitro production of sheep / Efecto del cilostazol en la producción in vitro de ovejas

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de cilostazol no meio de maturação in vitro de oócitos sobre produção in vitro de embriões ovinos. Para isso, foram realizadas colheitas de oócitos oriundos de ovários obtidos em abatedouro por meio do método de aspiração folicular com bomba de vácuo. Os oócitos foram divididos em quatro grupos de maturação: grupo CON, onde os complexos cumulus oócitos foram imersos em TCM-199, suplementado com 500 UI de penicilina, 0,5 mg de estreptomicina, 1,25 µg de anfotericina, 0,2 mM de piruvato de sódio, 10% (v/v) de soro fetal bovino (SFB), 10 ng/mL de fator de crescimento epidérmico (EGF), 10 ug/m de FSH, 10 µg/mL de LH, 10 ug/mL de estradiol e 100 µM de cisteamina; e nos grupos CILO0,3; CILO1 e CILO10, os oócitos foram maturados no meio do grupo CON, mas sem a adição de cisteamina e suplementado com as concentrações de 0,3; 1 e 10 µM, respectivamente. Após 24h, os oócitos foram avaliados quanto a presença ou não de células do cumulus e quanto ao grau de expansão e destinados à fecundação in vitro, em meio FIV, juntamente com espermatozoides. Após a FIV, os presumíveis zigotos seguiram para o cultivo in vitro. Foram avaliadas clivagens no dia 2, sendo dia 0 o dia do início do CIV. Os resultados foram expressos em porcentagem e as variáveis de expansão das células do cumulus e número de estruturas clivadas foram comparadas por meio do teste qui-quadrado do software Epi Info (Epi Info 7.2.5, Atlanta, GA, EUA, 2021). Os resultados foram considerados significativos quando P<0,05. Em relação à expansão das células do cumulus, todos os grupos apresentaram 100% de expansão. Não houve diferenças significativas quanto ao grau de expansão das células do cumulus entre os grupos suplementados com cilostazol e cisteamina (P>0,05), assim como não houve diferenças significativas entre as taxas de clivagem entre os grupos suplementados com cilostazol e cisteamina (P > 0,05).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of including cilostazol in the in vitro maturation medium of oocytes on the in vitro production of sheep embryos. Oocytes were collected from ovaries obtained from a slaughterhouse by follicular aspiration with a vacum pump. The oocytes were divided into four maturation groups: the CON group, where the cumulus-oocyte complexes were immersed in TCM-199 supplemented with 500 IU of penicillin, 0.5 mg of streptomycin, 1.25 µg of amphotericin, 0.2 mM of sodium pyruvate, 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS), 10 ng/mL of epidermal growth factor (EGF), 10 µg/mL of FSH, 10 µg/mL of LH, 10 µg/mL of estradiol, and 100 µM of cysteamine; and in the CILO0.3, CILO1, and CILO10 groups, the oocytes were matured in the CON group medium without the addition of cysteamine and supplemented with concentrations of 0.3, 1, and 10 µM of cilostazol, respectively. After 24 hours, the oocytes were evaluated for the presence or absence of cumulus cells and the degree of expansion and then subjected to in vitro fertilization (IVF) with sperm in FIV medium. After IVF, the presumptive zygotes were cultured in vitro. Cleavage was evaluated on day 2, with day 0 being the start of IVF. Results were expressed as a percentage, and variables such as cumulus cell expansion and the number of cleaved structures were compared using the chi-square test in the Epi Info software (Epi Info 7.2.5, Atlanta, GA, USA, 2021). Results were considered significant when P < 0.05. All groups showed 100% cumulus cell expansion, and there were no significant differences in cumulus cell expansion degree between the cilostazol- and cysteamine-supplemented groups (P > 0.05), as well as no significant differences in cleavage rates between the cilostazol- and cysteamine-supplemented groups (P > 0.05).

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la inclusión de cilostazol en el medio de maduración in vitro de ovocitos sobre la producción in vitro de embriones ovinos. Para ello, se realizaron recolecciones de ovocitos provenientes de ovarios obtenidos en un matadero mediante el método de aspiración folicular con bomba de vacío. Los ovocitos se dividieron em cuatro grupos de maduración: grupo CON, donde los complejos cúmulus ovocitos se sumergieron en TCM-199, suplementado con 500 UI de penicilina, 0,5 mg de estreptomicina, 1,25 ug de anfotericina, 0,2 mM de piruvato de sodio, 10% (v/v) de suero fetal bovino (SFB), 10 ng/mL de factor de crecimiento epidérmico (EGF), 10 ug/m de FSH, 10 µg/mL de LH, 10 µg/mL de estradiol y 100 µM de cisteamina; y en los grupos CILO0,3; CILO1 y CILO10, los ovocitos se maduraron en el medio del grupo CON, pero sin la adición de cisteamina y suplementado con las concentraciones de 0,3; 1 y 10 µM, respectivamente. Después de 24 horas, los ovocitos se evaluaron en cuanto a la presencia o no de células del cúmulus y em cuanto al grado de expansión y se destinaron a la fecundación in vitro, en medio FIV, junto con espermatozoides. Después de la FIV, los presuntos cigotos siguieron para el cultivo in vitro. Se evaluaron las clivajes en el día 2, siendo el día 0 el día del início del CIV. Los resultados se expresaron en porcentaje y las variables de expansión de las células del cúmulos y número de estructuras clivadas se compararon mediante la prueba del chi-cuadrado del software Epi Info (Epi Info 7.2.5, Atlanta, GA, EE. UU., 2021). Los resultados se consideraron significativos cuando P < 0,05. En relación a la expansión de las células del cúmulus, todos los grupos presentaron el 100% de expansión. No hubo diferencias significativas en cuanto al grado de expansión de las células del cúmulus entre los grupos suplementados con cilostazol y cisteamina (P > 0.05), así como no hubo diferencias significativas entre las tasas de clivaje entre los grupos suplementados con cilostazol y cisteamina (P>0,05).

Pre-incubation of porcine semen reduces the incidence of polyspermy on embryos derived from low quality oocytes / Pré-incubação dos espermatozoides suínos diminui polispermia e aumenta a produção embrionária em oócitos de baixa qualidade

ABSTRACT: The main cause of low efficiency of in vitro produced porcine embryos is the high polyspermic penetration rates at fertilization, which is aggravated in low quality oocytes. Experiment 1 evaluated the embryo development in high and low quality oocytes. Experiment 2 evaluated the embryo development and quality of low quality oocytes fertilized with sperm pre-incubated during 0h (control), 0.5h, 1h and 1.5h. Experiment 3 investigated fertilization and monospermic rates of the same groups of Experiment 2. Experiment 4 evaluated embryo development, cell density, fertilization and monospermic rates of high quality oocytes using semen pre incubated during the best time observed in the previous experiments. Cleavage and blastocyst rates were analyzed by chi-square test, and remaining data by ANOVA and Tukey test (P≤0.05). The cleavage (74.8 vs 51.7%) and blastocyst (33.7 vs 9.8%) rates were greater in oocytes of high versus low quality, with no differences in cell density. Fertilization rates (65.6 to 79.5%) were not influenced by pre-incubation time. However, semen pre-incubation during 1.5h increased monospermic penetration (53.3%) and cleavage rates (92.5%) in low quality oocytes. Blastocyst rate was improved with 1.5h of semen pre incubation; however they were still lower than that observed with high quality control oocytes. Ultimately, pre-incubation did not influence fertilization, monospermic penetration, embryo development rates, nor cell density in oocytes of high quality. Low-quality porcine oocytes resulted in better rates of embryo development if in vitro fertilized with sperm pre-incubated for 1.5 hour.

RESUMO: A principal causa da baixa eficiência na PIV de embriões suínos é a elevada taxa de polispermia, que é exacerbada em oócitos de baixa qualidade. O experimento 1 avaliou o desenvolvimento embrionário de oócitos de baixa e alta qualidade. O experimento 2 avaliou a qualidade e o desenvolvimento embrionário de oócitos de baixa qualidade fecundados com sêmen pré-incubado por 0h (controle), 0,5h, 1h e 1,5h. O experimento 3 investigou a fecundação e as taxas de monospermia dos mesmos grupos do experimento 2. O experimento 4 avaliou o desenvolvimento embrionário, a densidade celular, a fecundação e as taxas de monospermia de oócitos de alta qualidade, fecundados com sêmen pre-incubado com o melhor tempo observado nos experimentos anteriores. As taxas de clivagem e de blastocistos foram submetidas ao teste de Qui-quadrado e os demais dados submetidos à ANOVA e teste de Tukey (P≤0,05). As taxas de clivagem (74,8 vs 51,7%) e de blastocistos (33,7 vs 9,8%) foram superiores nos oócitos de alta qualidade, comparados aos de baixa qualidade, não havendo diferenças na quantidade de células embrionárias. As taxas de fecundação (65,6 vs 79,5%) não foram influenciadas pelo tempo de pré-incubação. Todavia, a pré-incubação do sêmen por 1,5h aumentou a penetração monospérmica (53,3%) e a taxa de clivagem (92,5%), nos oócitos de baixa qualidade. As taxas de blastocisto aumentaram com sêmen pré-incubado por 1,5h, que foram ainda inferiores às obtidas dos oócitos de alta qualidade do grupo controle. Finalmente, a pré-incubação do sêmen não influencia na fecundação, na penetração monospérmica, no desenvolvimento embrionário, nem na quantidade de células embrionárias com oócitos de alta qualidade. Oócitos suínos de baixa qualidade produzem melhores taxas de desenvolvimento embrionário se fecundados in vitro com sêmen pré-incubado por 1,5 horas.

MDCT urography as a one stop shop for urinary tract abnormalities at present era

Background: CT has evolved from single–detector row scanners into multi–detector row helical volumetric acquisition techniques, and these advances have had a significant impact on imaging of the urinary tract. Aim and objectives: To evaluate the CTU compare to other imaging modalities for urinary tract abnormalities in light of present knowledge, To study the role of CTU in evaluation of various abnormalities those are not detected by conventional IVP, Benefits of CTU over IVP, To provide information about the extent of the lesions involving kidneys and its relation to surrounding structure and Characterizing the lesions whether they are benign or malignant and helping the surgeons for the further management, Grading the renal injuries. Materials and methods: Data was collected from patients who attended the surgical O.P.D. or emergency of S.S.G.H., Baroda with clinically suspected renal abnormalities. A study was conducted over a period of two years on 50 patients with clinically suspected renal abnormalities. Informed consent was taken from every patient. Patients were evaluated with Multidetector Computed Tomography (G.E. Bright Speed). Results: Our Study included 10 patients of renal stones, 8 patients of renal masses, 3 patients of pyelonephritis, 7 patients of renal injury, 5 patients of PUJ obstruction, 7 patients of ureteric stricture, 5 patients of anomalies, and 5 patients of bladder mass. Among all pathology CT urography is more helpful and gives better imaging findings as compare to conventional urography that helps in better management of patients. Conclusion: CTU gives reliable information not about the extent of lesion but also the characteristics of lesions which makes surgeons to take proper decision aboutthe further management of patients, it also avoids unnecessary laparotomy surgery in case of blunt abdominal trauma patients by giving the precious extent of renal injuries. For all these gold standard benefits of MDCTU over conventiona Rathva AM, Singla H. MDCT urography as a one stop shop for urinary tract abnormalities at present era. IAIM, 2016; 3(3): 52-64. Page 53 IVP makes MDCTU as “one stop shop” for urinary tract abnormalities and nearly completely replacing the IVP in recent era.

A clinical study of various presentations and different modalities in management of vesico-vaginal fistula

Background: Vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) is an abnormal opening between the bladder and the vagina that results in continuous and unremitting urinary incontinence. It is the most distressing complications of gynecologic and obstetric procedures. Materials and methods: It was a prospective study conducted at Gandhi Medical College and Hospital in Department of Urology from February 2014 to July 2015 for a period of 18 months. All cases were subjected to clinical examination, ultrasonography, IVP, cystoscopy, vaginoscopy, and cystogram for confirmation of diagnosis. All cases were managed surgically by different modalities and results were analyzed. Results: Our study included the patients in the age group of 18 to 56 years. 22 patients presented with continuous urine leak with voiding and 13 patients presented with voiding in addition to incontinence of urine. Out of 35 cases 25 were secondary to Gynecological surgeries and 10 were of Obstetric fistulas. Conclusion: The diagnosis of VVFs has traditionally been based on clinical methods and dye testing. The best chance of a successful repair is at the first attempt. The arguments about the most appropriate route for repair continue and are not clarified by the publications so far. However, the role of interposition grafts at both abdominal and vaginal repairs is viewed positively.

Association between BMP4 gene polymorphism and in vitro embryo production traits in Gyr cows / Asociación entre polimorfismo en el gen BMP4 y características de producción in vitro de embriones en vacas Gyr / Associação entre o polimorfismo no gene BMP4 e características de produção in vitro de embriões em vacas Gyr

Background: candidate genes and their polymorphisms have been associated with traits of economic interest in cattle, representing an important strategy for genetic improvement of complex traits. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily, which is involved with several events of embryonic, fetal, and adult development in vertebrates. Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of association between polymorphism in the BMP4 gene (guanine for thymine- G>T, SNP rs109778173) and the performance of Gyr oocyte donors, including the rate of Cumulus-oophorus complex obtained in each session of follicular aspiration (OPU), embryo development, and pregnancy rates. Methods: DNA was extracted from hair follicles from 50 oocyte donors and genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Data from 212 OPU-IVP sessions was collected, and the following traits were associated with BMP4 polymorphism (SNP rs109778173): number and ratio of viable Cumulus-oophorus complexes; number of cleaved embryos at day 4 of culture; number of transferable embryos at day 7 of culture, and pregnancies on days 30 and 60 after embryo transfer. Results: the studied BMP4 polymorphism was significantly associated (p<0.01) with the number and ratio of viable cumulus-oocyte complexes, and the ratio of pregnancies at 30 days. Conclusion: the GT genotype (SNP rs109778173) was associated with inferior performance regarding OPU-IVP traits. This finding suggests possible genetic effects of BMP4 on performance of Gyr oocyte donors. Studies are needed on the BMP4 gene regarding subsequent changes in embryonic development of said mutation.

Antecedentes: genes candidatos y sus polimorfismos han sido asociados a características de interés económico en ganado, representando una excelente estrategia para el mejoramiento genético de características complejas. La proteína morfogénica ósea 4 (BMP4) es un miembro de la superfamilia del factor de crecimiento transformante beta (TGFβ); que controla innumerables eventos del desarrollo embrionario, fetal y de adultos en vertebrados. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el grado de asociación entre un polimorfismo en el gen BMP4 (guanina por timina-G>T-, SNP rs109778173) y el desempeño de donantes de ovocitos de la raza Gyr, incluyendo la tasa de complejos cummulus-oophorus obtenidos en cada sesión de aspiración folicular (OPU), el desarrollo embrionario y la tasa de preñez. Métodos: el ADN fue extraído del folículo piloso de 50 vacas Gyr donantes de ovocitos, el genotipado fue realizado por la técnica de reacción en cadena de polimerasa-polimorfismos de longitud de fragmentos de restricción (PCR-RFLP). Datos de 212 sesiones de OPU-IVP fueron colectados y las características a seguir fueron asociadas con el polimorfismo en el gen BMP4 (SNP rs109778173): número y tasa de complejos de Cumulus-oophorus viables, de embriones clivados al día 4 de cultivo, de embriones transferibles al día 7 de cultivo, y de preñeces a los días 30 y 60 posterior a la transferencia de los embriones. Resultados: el polimorfismo fue significativamente asociado (p<0,01) con número y tasa de complejos Cumulus-oophorus viables y tasa de preñez al día 30. Conclusión: el genotipo GT (SNP rs109778173) fue asociado a resultados inferiores relacionados con características de OPU-IVP. Este resultado sugiere posibles efectos genéticos del gen BMP4 sobre el desempeño de donadoras de oocitos de la raza Gyr, siendo necesarios estudios del gen BMP4 en relación a las alteraciones en el desarrollo embrionario subsecuentes a la mutación citada.

Antecedentes: genes candidatos e seus polimorfismos têm sido associados a características de interesse econômico no gado bovino, representando uma importante estratégia para o melhoramento genético de características complexas. A proteína morfogênica óssea 4 (BMP4) é um membro da superfamília do fator de crescimento transformante beta (TGFβ); que controla diversos eventos do desenvolvimento embrionário, tanto fetal quanto adulto em vertebrados. Objetivo: avaliar o grau de associação entre um polimorfismo no gene BMP4 (guanina por timina-G>T-, SNP rs109778173) e o desempenho de doadoras de oócitos da raça Gyr, incluindo a taxa de complexos Cumulus-oophorus obtidos em cada sessão de aspiração folicular (OPU), o desenvolvimento embrionário e a taxa de prenhez dos embriões. Métodos: o DNA foi extraído do folículo piloso de 50 vacas Gyr doadoras de oócitos, e a genotipagem foi realizada pela técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase-polimorfismo no comprimento de fragmentos de restrição (PCR-RFLP). Dados de 212 sessões de OPU-IVP foram coletados, e as características a seguir foram associadas com o polimorfismo no gene BMP4 (SNP rs109778173): número e taxa de complexos Cumulus-oophorus viáveis dos embriões clivados no dia 4 de cultivo, dos embriões transferíveis no dia 7 de cultivo e de prenhezes no dia 30 e 60 após a transferência dos embriões. Resultados: o polimorfismo estudado foi significativamente associado (p<0,01) com o número e a taxa dos complexos Cumulus-oophorus viáveis e a taxa de prenhezes ao dia 30. Conclusão: o genótipo GT (SNP rs109778173) foi associado a resultados inferiores relacionados a características OPU-IVP. Este resultado sugere possíveis efeitos genéticos do gene BMP4 sobre o desempenho de doadoras de oócitos da raça Gyr, fazendo-se necessários estudos no gene BMP4 em relação às alterações no desenvolvimento embrionário subsequentes ao polimorfismo citado.

Laparoscopic ovum pick up (LOPU) in goats: from hormonal treatment to oocyte possible destinations / Colheita de oócitos por laparoscopia em caprinos: do tratamento hormonal aos possíveis destinos dos oócitos

Whether we are collecting oocytes from donors as part of a program of in vitro embryo production (IVP) and/or to promote advances in emerging biotechnologies as cloning and transgenesis, the success rate depends on the development of methodological aspects of recovering oocytes. To succeed, sufficient number of good quality oocytes is the prerequisite for various reproductive techniques and laparoscopic ovum pick up (LOPU) is the recommended technique for obtaining them from live goats. However, the variability of the quantity and quality of the oocytes collected still limits the large-scale use of this technology. Under the current conditions, too large variability is reported with oocyte recovery rates ranging from 40 to 90%, and the number of harvested oocytes per female between 4 and 14, in different laboratories. This variability can depend on either intrinsic characteristic of the donors, suchas breed, age, individual response or on aspects that we might be able to control, such as stimulation treatment, type of needle, aspiration pressure, among others. We believe that new investigations should contribute to significant improvement of LOPU yield. This review aims to report different factors influencing goat donor response for LOPU, presenting main steps for oocytes recovery as well as technical alternatives for improving LOPU efficiency. Furthermore, it is aimed to discuss about the potential use of goatoocytes after their recovery by LOPU and present overall results in goat IVP worldwide.

Independentemente se a coleta de oócitos é parte de um programa de produção in vitro de embriões (PIVE) e/ou promoverá avanços biotecnológicos como clonagem e transgênese, os aspectos metodológicos nas técnicas de recuperação de oócitos são imprescindíveis. Para alcançar sucesso de forma ótima, número suficiente de oócitos de boa qualidade é pré-requisito para diversas técnicas reprodutivas e a colheita de oócitos por laparoscopia (COL) é a técnica recomendada para obtê-los de cabras saudáveis. Entretanto, a variabilidade na quantidade e qualidade de oócitos coletados ainda limita o uso desta tecnologia em grande escala. Sob as condições atuais, uma grande variação é relatada na literatura com taxas de recuperação de oócitos variando de 40 a 90% e o número de estruturas coletadas por fêmea entre 4 e 14 oócitos em diferentes laboratórios. Esta variabilidade pode ocorrer tanto em função de variáveis não controláveis, como raça, idade e características intrínsecas da cabra, como devido a aspectos controláveis, como o tratamento superestimulatório, tipo da agulha, pressão de aspiração, dentre outros. Acredita-se que novas pesquisas devam contribuir significativamente para a melhoria da técnica de COL. Esta revisão objetiva relatar os diferentes fatores que influenciam a resposta de cabras doadoras após COL, apresentando as principais etapas para recuperação oocitária assim como modificações técnicas propostas para melhoria da eficiência da COL. Além disso, discutir sobre potencias aplicações de oócitos caprinos depois de sua recuperação por COL e resultados gerais sobre a técnica no mundo.

Treatment and Prevention of Allergic Reaction in IVP by Ominipaque / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To study the treatment and prevention of allergic response in IVP by ominipaque. Methods 39 cases with allergic reaction were divided into four grades of slight, moderate, moderately severe and severe. Results Of the 39 cases, 38 ones were with slight slight allergic reaction, and 1 case was with moderate reaction. Conclusion Rapid and proper treatment can eliminate the allergic reaction by ominipaque.

DIAGNOSTIC METHOD OF UROLITHIASIS PATIENTS IN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT

Nephrolithiasis is one of the most common disease seen in the Emergency Department. Among the patients who visited in the Emergency Department with acute abdominal pain, many people were suspected urolithiasis. Because of limitation of diagnostic method on Emergency Department we planned this study in order to confirm the our accuracy of diagnosis and the possibility of misdiagnosis. During 5 months from April 1996 to August 1996, the 189 patients was suspected the urolithiasis. Among this patient, 51 cases was excluded due to incomplete study. After performing P/ex, U/A KUB in the Emergency Department, they were followed out patients department of Urology and performed Intravenous Pyelogram. The sensitivity and specificity for KUB were 84.5% and 94.0%, respectively. The positive predictive value was 93.8%, the negative predictive value was 93.8%. Diagnostic accuracy of urolithiasis in our Emergency Department is 89.1%. There was no relationship between urinary occult blood and KUB or IVP. There was no relationship between degree of occult blood and diagnosis of urolithiasis. For differential diagnosis of urolithisis, emergency ultrasound and IVP will be available. So combination of this diagnostic methods will improve accuracy and safety of diagnosis and treatment of urolithiasis.

Comparative study of risk factors in urinary stone patients with normal plain KUB or IVP patients in Buriram Hospital.

A comparative study of risk factors in urinary stone patients with normal plain KUB or IVP patients at surgical clinic and pediatric clinic of Buriram Hospital was done. In the pediatric clinic there were 34 urinary stone patients and 100 control patients. The findings were: age, language, vegetable intake, and drinking water per day (p > 0.05) made no significant difference but sex, type of rice eaten, type of animal meat, and type of water (p < 0.05) made a difference. In the surgical clinical there were 132 urinary stone patients and 88 control patients. The findings were: there were no significant differences between sex, vegetable intake, type of animal meat, type of water, and drinking water per day (p > 0.05) but made a significant difference age, language, and type of rice (p < 0.05). The one significant difference in both clinic was type of rice.

The Application of Computed Radiography System in Intravenous Pyelography in Children / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To investigate the applied value of computed radiography(CR) system in intravenous pyelography in children.Methods Intravenous pyelography were carried out by CR and traditional intensifying screen/film in 45 children respectively.The diagnostic specificity between CR and traditional intensifying screen/film was compared.Results Urinary system in children could be displayed well by CR,the quality of CR films was ensured.The diagnostic corresponding rate was 86.7% and 59.1% by CR and traditional intensifying screen/film respectively.Conclusion CR is of significance value in diagnosis of urologic diseases in children.

Nonvisualizing kidney on I.V.P. In Children / 대한비뇨기과학회지

This paper deals with clinical study of 23 cases of non-visualizing kidney on intravenous pyelography in children during 11 years from Jan. 1965 to Dec. 1975. The studying period was divided into the earlier term('68~'71) and the later term('72~'75) because since 1972 we have had special considerations in pediatric urology. The following results were obtained from the study. 1. More than half of the cases with non-visualizing kidney were seen in the age under 5 years. There were no remarkable difference between both sexes and terms of studying. 2. The chief complaints were flank mass, hematuria, incontinence and urinary frequency etc. in order of frequency without regarding to terms of studying. 3. In boys, the duration of symptoms was generally shorter than in girls. 4. As causative diseases, obstructive uropathy occupies more than half of the cases and more frequent in the earlier term of study than in later term. There was seen no difference between sexes. 5. In treatment of causative diseases, as possible conservative operations of the kidney were done.

A Clinical Study of I.V.P. and Tubercle Bacilli in Urine of the Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Sixty-nine pulmonary tuberculosis patients with no clinical evidence of genito-urinary tuberculosis were studied of I.V.P. and tubercle bacilli in their urine and the following results were obtained: Of 69 patients studied, 3 cases (4.34%) were found having positive tubercle bacilli in their urine of which two were found in the thirty-two moderately advanced cases and one was found in twenty-one far-advanced of their pulmonary tuberculosis. One of three was treated irregularly with anti-tuberculous triple therapy during about seven months and two were not treated Of 69 patients studied, 3 cases (4.34%) were found having positive intravenous pyelographic examination, of which two cases were group 1 of Lattimer's classification and one was group 3. Two of these were found in moderately advanced pulmonary tuberculosis and one was far-advanced.